语态是动词的一种形式,它表示主语和谓语的关系。
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者,或者是说动作是由主语完成的,要用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,或者是说动作不是由主语而是由其他人完成的,则用被动语态。
英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多,要普遍,许多课本乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来,当强调动作承受者,不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时,多用被动式。
须注意的是,许多地方与汉语不同。注意那些汉语中没有"被……"的意思,英语却应该用被动态。
还要注意,英语的被动态往往由"by"引出,而有用介词"by"的短语往往又不是被动态,而是系表结构。还有些特殊现象,如:known to man(人类。
所知),on foot步行(美国人有时用by foot),in carraige(乘四轮马车)等等。
还有假主动,真被动的十几个常用词的用法,以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried 等习惯用法。有关这类情况,做到心中有数对全面掌握被动态,准确无误地解答习题非常关键,被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。
英语的时态本来很复杂,怎样记住各自的被动形式呢? 首先要明确"将来进行无被动,现在完成进行 同"。这两种时态无被动形式。
另外,不及物动词带有同源宾语的动词,反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此,还有不定式,动名词,分词,以及它们的复合结构)的被动态,再加上情态动词,助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂,真是令人头痛,眼花缭乱。
下面口诀就以动词do为例,即do did过去式done过去分词,以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态,一定对你有所启示。 被动语态(一般现在时) 主动语态变被动语态时,主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语,主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。
被动语态的口诀 一般现、过用be +过去分词,be有人称、时、数变。 完成时态have(has) done,被动将been加中间。
一般将来shall (will) do,被动变do为be done。 将来进行无被动,shall (will) be doing, 现在完成进行同,have (has) been doing。
现、过进行be doing, 被动be加being done。 情、助、有、是妥安排,一律随新主语变。
否定助后加not,疑问一助置主前。 主语恰是疑问词,直陈语序主在前。
一般情助加be done,双宾多将间宾变。 复合宾语宾变主,宾补、主补相应变。
1.一般现在时 is\am\are+P.P(过去分词) 2.一般过去时 was\were+P.P 3.一般将来时 will be+P.P 4.现在进行时 is\am\are+being(固定不变)+P.P 5.过去进行时 was\were+being(固定不变)+P.P 6.现在完成时 have\has been+P.P 7.过去完成时 had been+P.P 第二句"be有人称、时、数变"即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。"情助"是指情态动词和助动词must,may,can,shall,will等一律随新主语(多是主动句中的宾语)来变化。
"疑问一助置主前"是说有两个助动词的话,应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。下面详细举例说明之。
一般现、过用be done, be有人称、时、数变 例:1、主动:The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome. 被动:The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children. 孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。 2、主动:People regard him as brilliant. 被动:He is regarded as brilliant by people. 人们认为他很有才华。
以上两例都是一般时态用be done的例子,be有人称、时、数变,第三人称foreign friends是复数,时态一般过去时,所以"be done"就是were given,而People regard him as brilliant一句,被动后的"be done"就变成单数第三人称is regarded的形式了。 被动: This speech was delivered by comrade Wang. (was delivered即一般过去时的被动态) 这篇讲演是王的发言。
There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured. 边境发生非常严重列车事故,两人死亡,十二人受伤。 A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow. 直言不讳的人才是真正诚实的人。
A note was passed up to the speaker. 有人给讲演者递上来一张纸条。 John was elected president of the class instead of Harry. 乔治被选为班长而代替了亨利。
Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct. 火山被描述为活的,沉睡着的,或者死的。 The soldier was killed, but the train was saved. 这位战士牺牲了,然而列车得救了。
He was thought to be clever but dishonest. 他被认为很聪明但不诚实。(别人认为他很聪明但不诚实) The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874. 美国的第一个动物园是1874年建立的。
Families were often broken up; wives were taken away from their husbands and children from their parents. 家庭被拆散,妻儿被夺走。 The information is urgently needed. 急需这个资料。
Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them were not taken in the past。
主动语态改被动语态的方法 1)将主动语态改为被动语态应注意以下三个方面:①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语;②将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be+过去分词”结构;③将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语,放在谓语动词之后(有时可省略)。
2)含直接宾语和间接宾语的主动语态改为被动语态时有两种情况:①把间接宾语改为被动语态的主语,直接宾语仍保留原位;②把直接宾语改为主动语态的主语,此时,间接宾语前要加介词to或 for。如: He gave the boy an apple.→The boy was given an apple.(或An applewas given to the boy.) Her father bought her a present.→She was bought a present by her father.(或A present was bought for her by her father.) 3)不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态,改为被动语态时不定式前要加to。
如: They watched the children sing that morning.→The children were watched to sing that morning. 4)带复合宾语的动词在改为被动语态时,一般把主动语态的宾语改为主语,宾语补足语在被动语态中作主语补足语。如: We call him Xiao Wang.→He is called Xiao Wang. He cut his hair short.→His hair was cut short. They told him to help me.→He was told to help me. 5)短语动词是不可分割的整体,改为被动语态时要保持其完整性,介词或副词不可遗漏。
如: We must take good care of the young trees.→The young trees must be taken good care of. 6)含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动结构时,通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语,从句放在句子后面;也可采用另一种形式。可以这样转换为被动结构的动词有know,say,believe,find,think,report等。
如: People believe that he is ill.→It is believed that he is ill.(或:He is believed to be ill.)。
去百度文库,查看完整内容>内容来自用户:恬淡虚无如何把主动语态转换为被动语态语态是动词的一种形式,用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的关系。
其中主动语态表示主语执行动作,被动语态表示主语承受动作。那么,怎样把主动语态转换为被动语态呢?1.先确定主动句的主、谓、宾,找出其谓语动词;2.把主动句中谓语动词后面的宾语变为被动句的主语,若宾语是人称代词时,应把宾格变为主格;3.把主动句中的谓语动词变为“助动词be +及物动词的过去分词”结构,但时态不能改变;4.把主动句中谓语动词前面的主语变为被动句中介词by的宾语(没必要说出动作的执行者时可略去“by +宾语”),若主语是人称代词时,应把主格变为宾格。
友情提示:1.如果主动语态中含有动词短语变为被动语态时,不可丢掉短语末尾的介词或副词。如:You can look up this word in the dictionary.→This word can be looked up in the dictionary.2.使役动词make, have及感官动词see, hear, watch, feel等后接省略to的不定式作宾语补足语的主动语态变为被动语态时,动词不定式的符号to还要加上去。
如:The boss made them work for 16 hours a day.→They were made to work for 16 hours a day (by the boss).We saw them work in that workshop.→They were seen to work (by us) in that workshop.3.如果主动语态的句子中含有双宾语变为被动语态时,有两种方法:①将指人的间接宾语作被动语态的主语时,要将人称代词宾格变为人称。
★ 注意:1)感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。
例如:The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).We saw him play football on the playground. 我们看见他在草场踢球。
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.2)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 煤可以产生工农业需要的电。
★ 特殊动词 let 的用法 1)当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式。例如:They let the strange go.他们放陌生人走了。
---> The strange was let go.2)当let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替。例如:The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. 那护士让我去探望住院的同学。
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.★ 短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如:My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾。
Such a thing has never been heard of before. 这样的事闻所未闻。★ 不用被动语态的情况 1) 不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。
例如:After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几。比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
(错) The price has been risen.(对) The price has risen.(错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week.(错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised.(错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated. 要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。
解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。
例如: This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。 Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3) 系动词无被动语态,如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态。例如:She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。例如: (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her.★ 主动形式表示被动意义 1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。
例如: The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build等。例如: I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了,我该受指责。
Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。 3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。
例如: The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。
4)特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)等。例如: Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些,让别人理解你的话。
★ 被动形式表示主动意义,如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married等。例如: He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意:表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb.均可。例如: He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。
He got married to a rich girl.★ need/want/require/worth 当 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing时,表示的是被动意义。例如: Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了。
The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。 典型例题 The library needs___, but it'll have to wait until Sunday. A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned 答案A. need (实意) +n /to do,need (情态)+ do,当为被动语态时,还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法,选A。
如有to be cleaned 则也为正确答案。
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