机械短文英文(英文机械短文)

1.英文 机械 短文

Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It is the branch of engineering that involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools.[1] It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines.

The engineering field requires a vast understanding of core concepts including mechanics, kinematics, thermodynamics, materials science, and structural analysis. Mechanical engineers use these core principles along with tools like computer-aided engineering and product lifecycle management to design and analyze manufacturing plants, industrial equipment and machinery, heating and cooling systems, motorized vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, robotics, medical devices and more.

这一篇是对机械工程的简单介绍

这样的文章真不好找呢

2.机械英语作文范文

'China threat' theory is absurd As the sleeping dragon awoke toward the end of the last century, the West felt uneasy. And when it took off on the road to rapid economic development, the West's unease began turning into fear, giving rise to the "China threat" theory which is bandied about so rampantly across the world todayIs their any justification behind this theory? In short, my answer is "no". But I prefer to delve deep into the reasons behind, what I am concern is, the unjustified fear gripping the West. Some people try to attribute the country's economic rise to "China's development model", I think, building an insurmountable barrier between the East and West, between antiquity and modernity. "China is just regaining its long lost right to have its say in world affairs. Harmonious coexistence of countries entails diverse views, not a hegemonic monopoly which presumptuously claims to speak for all the countries." The fact is that the Chinese leadership has too many domestic problems to solve and doesn't have the time to pose a threat to other countries or regions. Historically, the rise of a country has created controversies and raised the concern of its neighbors and, above all, the existing powers. It's natural for the West to nurse such views as the "China threat" theory. But it shouldn't deny China from having its say. Chinese people can have their say by solving their problems, building the country's image and ridding the rest of the world of its misunderstanding and prejudice against China through their actions. Among those actions, transparency takes the top spot. The West has long based its "China threat" theory on the blown-up image of the country's economic success presented by the Chinese media. The Chinese media may be over-enthusiastic but since ancient times, Chinese politicians have considered economic growth as the best justification for being in power. The Chinese government's goal is to build a harmonious society not only in the country, but also across the world. A harmonious society, however, is by no means a system dominated by one single thought, rather it is more of a system based on diverse thoughts, the best of which are combined to bring the maximum benefit to the country and its people. It is to be understood that covering our drawbacks will intensify the tensions in the social system. This could create an obscure image of China, which would give the West enough room to indulge in rumor-mongering. The government should have the confidence to face up to the problems that its fast paced economic development has created, I think. "Western countries had enough time and space to transform their economic structures. As a result, the advantages they still enjoy in many fields have resulted in much of the ills afflicting the developing world. The West transfers only the lower links of its industrial chain to the developing countries, which carries with it pollution and social costs. How in the world then can the West be justified in accusing China of posing a threat, especially when the Chinese government's only goal is to improve the livelihood of its people?" Let one thing be clear, China does not enjoy the luxury of time to lift millions of its people out of poverty and transform its economic structure. That is to say China cannot afford to follow in the footsteps of the West, although it is interacting with the rest of the world to explore how things can be best turned around. As American writer Owen Lattimore put it, China's history is actually a process of cultural communication between nomadic and farming civilizations across the Great Wall, the Yellow River and even the Yangtze River. Thus China's development model has never been static. So there cannot be a "China development model". If there is any, it is a dynamic, ever-changing model characterized by frequent exchanges of commodities and, to a lesser extent, cultures. I hold the thought that the government needs to portray the country as a cultural being and depoliticize its story-telling style. But, many people argue, how can the government do that when Chinese culture is highly influenced by foreign cultures? I don't share the view of the skeptics. In my opinion cultural exchange and mutual influence take a long time to bring about changes. So, it's naive to predict the downfall of Chinese culture and to deny its dynamic nature. The problems that the early stages of the cultural industry's commercialization face do not necessarily endanger the cultural heritage of a country. Instead, a deep understanding of Western cultural industry would not only help make the Chinese media 。

3.求一篇机械方面的英语文章最好是中英文都有的（机构.零件 机械制造

Crane Work Needs More Technique Abstract Crane work needs more technology. Construction of tower cranes are the main vertical transportation equipment and also a measure of construction companies and equipment strength of the important logo, in today's increasingly competitive construction market, to meet the construction needs of many construction companies have bought the tower crane. With the tower crane at the construction site of the widely used by the tower crane accident also caused more and more to people's lives and property brought about great losses. According to national statistics, the departments concerned, the tower crane accident rate reached 2.77 percent. Its security problem is still the urgency of the construction Loose training, testing and oversight requirements for the people who work around construction cranes have fostered a false sense of security in our industry. The recent deadly tower-crane collapse at a congested New York City building site should be a wake-up call for us to question and step up our current safety practices.Training and testing is king when it comes to safety. But the construction industry is putting unqualified personnel in the seats of construction cranes, even with today's testing. In many places, no experience is necessary after passing a standardized test. One week of study will give some people enough knowledge to pass a certification examination, and then they can jump into the cab of a crane.Imagine that a commercial airline pilot had the same training as a certified crane operator. How would you feel the next time you decided to fly? In California, it takes more hours of training to wield a pair of scissors in a hair salon than to operate potentially dangerous lifting machinery. How does this make sense?Riggers and signal persons also need standard training and testing to ensure safety under the hook. Employers usually allow any craft to signal a crane on a jobsite, despite best practices that require only qualified people do so. How is it then that uncertified and untrained people are allowed to signal and rig under the hook of a licensed or certified operator?Tower cranes are particularly risky as urban sites become more congested, and the risk of a catastrophic event is very high during climbing operations. Yet most tower-crane climbing crews are trained in a non-traditional manner, via secondhand knowledge that has been passed down over time. The problem with this type of hand-me-down knowledge is that it changes over the years, leaving out small-but-important details along the way. This "osmosis" of knowledge leads crews to develop their own tricks for climbing cranes, often forsaking basic safety in an attempt to save time and energy.In many cases, there are no safety devices or alarms to warn of a serious problem. Climbing crews are subjected to pressures that affect safety-critical decision-making. It is not uncommon for climbs to continue with damaged or leaking hydraulic systems, out-of-adjustment or jammed guide rollers, often working in the dark and for extended hours. This "MacGyver" method of climbing, where every jump becomes a new adventure, should not be the norm.Climbing-frame designs vary among manufacturers, but the operational steps are similar in principle. The climbing process is relatively straightforward, with a mixture of physical work and technical procedure. It is not complex; it is more about knowing the proper sequence of what needs to be done and then following the steps, one by one, making sure each step has been successfully completed before moving onto the next. It is essential that everyone know exactly what is going on and what the dangers are at every stage.That's why the industry needs standardized training, testing and oversight for this work, including a practical assessment of competence. Technicians should have model-specific training directly from the manufacturer, along with a level of practical experience. Inspectors, too, should be required to have specific technical training. They should be independent from all aspects of installation and maintenance to allow for objective decisions. Key personnel on erection crews should have standard training and testing.When these needs are satisfied, crane operations should be carried out in strict accordance with the manufacturers' instructions, engineering principals and governmental laws. But industry stakeholders and lawmakers need to step up their lax standards to protect the public. New York City residents, who have seen their homes turned into dust and debris, would be shocked at the way the 。

4.机械专业英语对照汉语的文章

Three crossflow (No.1-No.3) dryers were tested. Dyer No.1 contains two crossflow columns, each column consists of two drying sections, one turn-flow device and a cooling section, and with a grain column thickness in the upper drying section of 0.277m and 0.304m in the lower section. The dimensions of dryer No.1 are 6.517m*3.400m*13.482m. No.2 dryer is similar to No.1, but is smaller and has a lower capacity. No.3 is a cylindrical crossflow dryer with two drying sections, one turn-flow device and a cooling section. The mixed-flow dryer (No.4) is composed of eight modular sections. Each module has dimensions of 1.8m*1.0m*0.8m. The tow bottom modules serve as cooling stage. Dryer No.5 consists of two mixed-flow drying towers in series, similar in design as dryer No.4. Dryers No.6-No.10 are concurrent-/counter-flow dryers, consisting of two or more towers. The number in front of “-CCF” indicates the number of towers. Each tower has two counter-/concurrent-flow drying sections. The last tower, or part of the last tower, is used for cooling. The depth of the counter-/concurrent-flow beds is 0.6m, the cross-sectional area of each tower is 2.2m*2.2m. It should be noted that overseas CCF dryers do not have counter-flow drying stages, only a counter-flow cooling stage. The steam dryer is a unique dryer widely used in grain depots in China. It consists of 3-6 indoor drying and cooling towers, and a boiler. Each tower contains in its upper section a series of steam pipes, and in its lower section a number of inlet/outlet air ducts. The grain is heated by conduction as it flow over the steam-heated pipes, and is subsequently treated with ambient or slightly-heated recycled drying-air. The steam pressure in the pipes is 2*105Pa--4*105Pa (130-140℃)， the diameter of the pipes is 42-48mm, and the distance between pipes is 110-120mm. The grain retention time is long (4-6 hours for 10-point moisture removal) due to the relatively low grain temperature. Sun drying is still the main method of grain drying in China. Almost every village or depot has a special area for the sun drying of grains. The grain is spread out in 5-10cm thin layer and is stirred occasionally. In Northeast China where the ambient temperature is very low when maize is harvested, sun drying is a very slow process.三横（一号至三号）烘干设备进行了测试. 戴先生no.1包含两个横栏，每栏分为两部分干燥， 一转流器及冷却段， 与粮食柱厚度在上部干燥部分0.277m和0.304m在下游. 尺寸干燥器一号是6.517m*3.400m*13.482m. 二号烘干机相似一号，但规模较小，具有容量较低. 第三是横向圆筒烘干机烘干两部分，一部分是转流装置和冷却段. 混流式干燥机（四号）是由八个单元章节. 每个单元尺寸1.8*1.0*0.8米. 拖车底部模块作为冷却阶段. 干燥器no.5分为两个混流干燥塔系列，类似的设计作为烘干四号. 干衣no.6-no.10都是concurrent-/counter-flow烘干机，由两个或两个以上的弹孔. 数年前的"框架"，表明了很多水塔. 每个塔有两个counter-/concurrent-flow晒路段. 最后塔，或部分上塔，是用于冷却. 有深度的counter-/concurrent-flow病床0.6m，横截面的每个塔有2.2m*2.2m. 应当指出，海外ccf干衣没有反流干燥阶段，只有一个反流冷却阶段. 蒸气烘干是一个独特的烘干机广泛用于粮库中. 它由3-6室内干燥，冷却水塔，一台锅炉. 每个塔载在其上部一系列的蒸汽管道， 而在其下游的一系列进/出水口风筒. 谷物的热传导，因为它流了蒸汽加热管， 并随后处理空气或微循环加热干燥的空气. 蒸汽压力管道2*105pa--4*105pa(130-140℃)，直径较小的管材是42-48mm， 之间的距离和管道是110-120mm. 粮食停留时间很长（4-6小时，10点去湿）由于相对较低的粮食温度. 晾晒仍然是主要的方法谷物干燥中. 几乎每一个村或仓库具有特殊的地区，以供晾晒谷物. 粮食是分布在5-10cm薄层，偶尔搅拌. 在东北那里的气温很低，当玉米收割， 太阳晒是一个非常缓慢的过程。

5.急求关于机械方面的英语文章（2000字以上）

Assembly line组装线 Layout布置图 Conveyer流水线物料板 Rivet table拉钉机 Rivet gun拉钉枪 Screw driver起子 Electric screw driver电动起子 Pneumatic screw driver气动起子 worktable 工作桌 OOBA开箱检查 Out of Box Auditfit together组装在一起 fasten锁紧（螺丝） fixture 夹具（治具） pallet栈板 barcode条码 barcode scanner条码扫描器 fuse together熔合 fuse machine热熔机 repair修理 operator作业员 QC品管 supervisor 课长 ME制造工程师 MT制造生技 cosmetic inspect外观检查 inner parts inspect内部检查 thumb screw大头螺丝 lbs. inch镑、英寸 EMI gasket导电条 front plate前板 rear plate后板 chassis 基座 bezel panel面板 power button电源按键 reset button重置键 Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试 Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键 sheet metal parts 冲件 plastic parts塑胶件 SOP制造作业程序 material check list物料检查表 work cell工作间 trolley台车 carton纸箱 sub-line支线 left fork叉车 personnel resource department 人力资源部 production department生产部门 planning department企划部 QC Section品管科 stamping factory冲压厂 painting factory烤漆厂 molding factory成型厂 common equipment常用设备 uncoiler and straightener整平机 punching machine 冲床 robot机械手 hydraulic machine油压机 lathe车床 |刨床planer |'plein miller铣床 grinder磨床 driller钻床 linear cutting线切割 electrical sparkle电火花 welder电焊机 staker=reviting machine铆合机 position职务 president董事长 general manager总经理 special assistant manager特助 factory director厂长 department director部长 deputy manager | =vice manager副理 section supervisor课长 deputy section supervisor =vice section supervisor副课长 group leader/supervisor组长 line supervisor线长 assistant manager助理 to move, to carry, to handle搬运 be put in storage入库 pack packing包装 to apply oil擦油 to file burr 锉毛刺 final inspection终检 to connect material接料 to reverse material 翻料 wet station沾湿台 Tiana天那水 cleaning cloth抹布 to load material上料 to unload material卸料 to return material/stock to退料 scraped |'skræpid|报废 scrape ..v.刮；削 deficient purchase来料不良 manufacture procedure制程 deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良 n|氧化oxidation |' ksi'dei scratch刮伤 dents压痕 defective upsiding down抽芽不良 defective to staking铆合不良 embedded lump镶块 feeding is not in place送料不到位 stamping-missing漏冲 production capacity生产力 education and training教育与训练 proposal improvement提案改善 spare parts=buffer备件 forklift叉车 trailer=long vehicle拖板车 compound die合模 die locker锁模器 pressure plate=plate pinch压板 bolt螺栓 name of a department部门名称 administration/general affairs dept总务部 automatic screwdriver电动启子 thickness gauge厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具 power wire电源线 buzzle蜂鸣器 defective product label不良标签 identifying sheet list标示单 screwdriver holder起子插座 pedal踩踏板 stopper阻挡器 flow board流水板 hydraulic handjack油压板车 forklift叉车 pallet栈板 glove(s)手套 glove(s) with exposed fingers割手套 thumb大拇指 forefinger食指 midfinger中指 ring finger无名指 little finger小指 band-aid创可贴 iudustrial alcohol工业酒精 alcohol container沾湿台 head of screwdriver起子头 sweeper扫把 mop拖把 vaccum cleaner吸尘器 rag 抹布 garbage container灰箕 garbage can垃圾箱 garbage bag垃圾袋 chain链条 jack升降机 production line流水线 chain链条槽 magnetizer加磁器 lamp holder灯架 to mop the floor拖地 to clean the floor扫地 to clean a table擦桌子 air pipe 气管 packaging tool打包机 packaging打包 missing part漏件 wrong part错件 excessive defects过多的缺陷 critical defect极严重缺陷 major defect主要缺陷 minor defect次要缺陷 not up to standard不合规格 dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏大（小） cosmetic defect外观不良 slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺丝滑头 slipped screwhead/shippery screw thread滑手 speckle斑点 mildewed=moldy=mouldy发霉 rust生锈 deformation变形 burr（金属）flash（塑件）毛边 poor staking铆合不良 excesssive gap间隙过大 grease/oil stains油污 inclusion杂质 painting peel off脏污 shrinking/shrinkage缩水 mixed color杂色 scratch划伤 poor processing 制程不良 poor incoming part事件不良 fold of packaging belt打包带折皱 painting make-up补漆 discoloration羿色 water spots水渍 polishing/surface processing表面处理 exposed metal/bare metal金属裸露 lack of painting烤漆不到位 safety安全 quality品质 delivery deadline交货期 cost成本 engineering工程 die repair模修 enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企划 QC品管 die worker模工 production, to produce生产 equipment设备 to start a press开机 stop/switch off a press关机 classification整理 。

6.求一篇英文资料（机械方面的）

c Along with the development of economics, the increment of population, and the improvement of traffic conditions automotives have been used widely, its number increasing year after year. Then developing perfect vehicle's transmission system is becoming more and more urgent. Compared with conventional multiratio gearbox, the metal V-belt 无效 continuously Variable Transmissions have attracted a great deal of interest because of their economy, drive performance and comfort. Now many big motor corporations all over the world are investing huge money to investigate them. In this thesis, its history, current status, and the dimension parameters and function of principal structures are described. Through the analysis of its working progress, the author explained the superiority and advantage of this device. For the metal V-belt CVT, the belt transmission device is the hardcore, and one of its key parts is the pulley. It affects the transmissionquality, the efficiency and the life and cost of the CVT. To straight generatrix pulleys, while the transmission ratio isn't one to one, the matal belt will retort, resulting in the declining of the belt's life. In this thesis, the reason of retorting and the relation between the deflection and transmission ratio are analyzed. The author tesified that the pulley's genetrix shouldn't be straight if there is no deflection happening. The object of this thesis is to design the curve genetrix to meet requirements. Defining the mesh point between metal block and pulley as the initial point, the surface within the initial point as the inner prick, the surface outside the initial point as the outer one. Analyzing the relative movement between pulleys and metal blocks separately to acquire their onnection formula. Only when the numerical values meet this formula won't the metal V-belt deflect. From the connection formula between pulleys and metal blocks, we know the genetrix which meet the formula is not one and only. Considering the contact stress between pulleys and metal blocks affect carrying capacity of the CVT, the author tried to choose one genetrix which can reduce the stress to the minimum. So the contact stress is considered as the target function of optimized designing, and many other factors are considered such as equation restriction and inequality restrictions. In the optimized designing the two-dimension variables are the tangent slope of the mesh points. In this thesis serial nonrestrict minimum method is applied to seek the best mesh points. It begins from the initial point and gets a pair of mesh points per step. After the movable pulleys reach the maximum position, this alternative ends and then the numerical values of the pulley genetrix are obtained. Compared with other genertrix the contact stress ont his optimized one has reduced 10 percent appromixedly. In this thesis the author also analyzed the effect of important parameters. By changing the initial parameters she got other numerical values of the genetrixs and calculated the contact stress. After analyzing and comparing the different results the author get the reasonable initial parameters and more perfect numerical values of the pulley's genetrix. Based on the numerical values the author drew the pulley's genetrix, which is the improvement on the straight one. It not only meets the requirement that the offset of the belt is zero in the timing, but also reduces the contact stress to the minimum, and then helps to enhance the carrying capacity of the CVT, taking on certain practical meaning. . Kinematic characteristics include principle of shifting ratio, ratio range, slipping principle between MVB and pulleys, steel ring and pushing blocks, steel rings each other. kinetic characteristics include driving principle, forces acting in MVB, pushing blocks compressive force distribution and rings tension force distribution in different ratio and the transmitted torque, changing condition of each force during steady state and transitional states. In addition, calculation formula is established between pushing force of driven pulley and transmitted maximum torque.Mechanics of steel ring group that is one of CVT's key part is emphasized in this thesis, numerical models of static state and driving state are proposed respectively. Excess fitness is adopted to bring about the present state in the steel ring group. As a result, load distribution in steel rings is even. The computational formula between excess quantity and transmitted torque is derived. The theoretical base for assembling ring group is provided. In addition, the computational formulas on tension force of each ring in driving state, stress changing pattern, position of maximum 。

7.求一篇对于机械类专业英语认识或者看法的400字英文短文

What is Hydraulic? A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, no parts and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into the village of force control valve, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. Hydraulic principle It consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called "hydraulic press"; the said oil-filled "hydraulic machine." Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascal's law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI,Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. "By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel. History of the development of hydraulic And air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the world's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved. World War I (1914-1918) after the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century Constantine (G • Constantimsco) fluctuations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic transmission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development. The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japan's hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, "Hydraulic Industry." Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japan's fast hydraulic 。

8.机械专业英语对照汉语的文章

Three crossflow (No.1-No.3) dryers were tested. Dyer No.1 contains two crossflow columns, each column consists of two drying sections, one turn-flow device and a cooling section, and with a grain column thickness in the upper drying section of 0.277m and 0.304m in the lower section. The dimensions of dryer No.1 are 6.517m*3.400m*13.482m. No.2 dryer is similar to No.1, but is smaller and has a lower capacity. No.3 is a cylindrical crossflow dryer with two drying sections, one turn-flow device and a cooling section. The mixed-flow dryer (No.4) is composed of eight modular sections. Each module has dimensions of 1.8m*1.0m*0.8m. The tow bottom modules serve as cooling stage. Dryer No.5 consists of two mixed-flow drying towers in series, similar in design as dryer No.4. Dryers No.6-No.10 are concurrent-/counter-flow dryers, consisting of two or more towers. The number in front of “-CCF” indicates the number of towers. Each tower has two counter-/concurrent-flow drying sections. The last tower, or part of the last tower, is used for cooling. The depth of the counter-/concurrent-flow beds is 0.6m, the cross-sectional area of each tower is 2.2m*2.2m. It should be noted that overseas CCF dryers do not have counter-flow drying stages, only a counter-flow cooling stage. The steam dryer is a unique dryer widely used in grain depots in China. It consists of 3-6 indoor drying and cooling towers, and a boiler. Each tower contains in its upper section a series of steam pipes, and in its lower section a number of inlet/outlet air ducts. The grain is heated by conduction as it flow over the steam-heated pipes, and is subsequently treated with ambient or slightly-heated recycled drying-air. The steam pressure in the pipes is 2*105Pa--4*105Pa (130-140℃)， the diameter of the pipes is 42-48mm, and the distance between pipes is 110-120mm. The grain retention time is long (4-6 hours for 10-point moisture removal) due to the relatively low grain temperature. Sun drying is still the main method of grain drying in China. Almost every village or depot has a special area for the sun drying of grains. The grain is spread out in 5-10cm thin layer and is stirred occasionally. In Northeast China where the ambient temperature is very low when maize is harvested, sun drying is a very slow process. 三横（一号至三号）烘干设备进行了测试. 戴先生no.1包含两个横栏，每栏分为两部分干燥， 一转流器及冷却段， 与粮食柱厚度在上部干燥部分0.277m和0.304m在下游. 尺寸干燥器一号是6.517m*3.400m*13.482m. 二号烘干机相似一号，但规模较小，具有容量较低. 第三是横向圆筒烘干机烘干两部分，一部分是转流装置和冷却段. 混流式干燥机（四号）是由八个单元章节. 每个单元尺寸1.8*1.0*0.8米. 拖车底部模块作为冷却阶段. 干燥器no.5分为两个混流干燥塔系列，类似的设计作为烘干四号. 干衣no.6-no.10都是concurrent-/counter-flow烘干机，由两个或两个以上的弹孔. 数年前的"框架"，表明了很多水塔. 每个塔有两个counter-/concurrent-flow晒路段. 最后塔，或部分上塔，是用于冷却. 有深度的counter-/concurrent-flow病床0.6m，横截面的每个塔有2.2m*2.2m. 应当指出，海外ccf干衣没有反流干燥阶段，只有一个反流冷却阶段. 蒸气烘干是一个独特的烘干机广泛用于粮库中. 它由3-6室内干燥，冷却水塔，一台锅炉. 每个塔载在其上部一系列的蒸汽管道， 而在其下游的一系列进/出水口风筒. 谷物的热传导，因为它流了蒸汽加热管， 并随后处理空气或微循环加热干燥的空气. 蒸汽压力管道2*105pa--4*105pa(130-140℃)，直径较小的管材是42-48mm， 之间的距离和管道是110-120mm. 粮食停留时间很长（4-6小时，10点去湿）由于相对较低的粮食温度. 晾晒仍然是主要的方法谷物干燥中. 几乎每一个村或仓库具有特殊的地区，以供晾晒谷物. 粮食是分布在5-10cm薄层，偶尔搅拌. 在东北那里的气温很低，当玉米收割， 太阳晒是一个非常缓慢的过程。

9.机械原理英文介绍（帮忙把下面的文字翻译成英语）

请相信我的翻译，杜绝机译，翻译确切。

Mechanical Principle is a subject that studies the structure and movement of mechanisms in machineries, and the structure, exerted force, mass, and movement of machines. People generally call mechanism and machine jointly as machinery. Mechanism is a combination object that realizes specified movement through more than two moving joints. Machine is composed of one or above one mechanism, and it is used to do useful work or complete the energy conversion between mechanical energy and other forms of energies. The main components of this subject are mechanism and mechanical dynamics.