翻译专业开题报告(化学专业开题报告)

翻译专业开题报告

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是小编为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。

翻译专业开题报告一

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.I have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

2.I have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.I have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.I have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.I have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

6.My instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译专业开题报告二

选题的原因、基本内容：

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的.民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况：

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。

张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲：

thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见：

指导教师签名：

年 月 日

化学专业开题报告

化学专业开题报告

化学专业是一种大学专业。化学专业培养具备化学的基础知识、基本理论和基本技能，能在化学及与化学相关的科学技术和其它领域从事科研、教学技术及相关管理工作的高级专门人才。以下小编为你收集了电镀技术的研究现状及未来发展趋势，希望给你带来一些参考的作用。

一、选题的背景、意义及目的

20世纪50年代前腐蚀的定义只局限于金属腐蚀。从50年代以后，许多权威的腐蚀学者

或研究机构倾向于把腐蚀的定义扩大到所有的材料。金属及其合金至今仍然是最重要的结构材料，所以金属腐蚀还是最引人注意的问题之一。腐蚀给合金材料造成的直接损失巨大。有人统计每年全世界腐蚀报废的金属约一亿吨,占年产量的20%～40%。估计全世界每年因腐蚀报废的钢铁设备相当于年产量的30%。显然，金属构件的毁坏，其价值远比金属材料的价值大的多；发达国家每年因腐蚀造成的经济损失约占国民生产总值的2-4%；美国每年因腐蚀要多消耗3.4%的能源；我国每年因腐蚀造成的经济损失至少达二百亿。腐蚀的巨大危害不仅体现在经济损失上，它还会带来惨重的人员伤亡、环境污染、资源浪费、阻碍新技术的发展、促进自然资源的损耗。

电镀技术对解决材料的腐蚀具有重大作用。 电镀在工业中的作用大致分为美观装饰、防护延寿、特殊功能等三大类其作用有： 1、 美化产品美观，提升产品附加值

通过在基体表面电镀一层金属镀膜，赋予产品表面金属质感、仿古色等多种精美金属色，提高商品的附加值，在家居建材装饰等行业广泛应用，如：门锁、灯具、卫浴、家居装饰、工艺制品等。常见的镀种有，镍、铬、仿金（黄铜）、黑镍、金、银等。 2、防护基体，延长产品寿命，节约金属资源

防护性电镀是电镀加工工艺中主要的工艺种类之一。通过在基体表面镀覆一层薄而致密的耐蚀镀层或比基体电位负的阳极性镀层，以达到保护基体、延长产品使用寿命的目的。在装饰产品的同时也节约了资源。防护型镀层广泛应用在汽车、轮船、机械等行业。如：汽车轮毂、摩托车档泥板、机械配件、钢构等，代表工艺有多层镍铬、锌、锡等。

3、使非金属材料金属化：塑料电镀是此类工艺的代表。随着塑料电镀工艺的.发展成熟，使得塑料等新材料工业得到了飞速发展，使得电子工业中的集成电路成为可能，推动了整个电子工业的发展，最具代表的就是PCB塑料电路板电镀工艺。通过在塑料表面金属化后镀覆一层铜，再经过电路刻蚀后形集成电镀板。现代的体积小，功能强大的电子产品均得益于此电镀工艺。

二、国内外电镀技术研究现状、水平及发展趋势

目前，电镀技术主要在装饰、材料轻量化和异形结构加工方面研究发展较为成熟。现代汽车、摩托车和自行车日趋轻量化且豪华美观, 其塑料电镀发挥了重要作用。建筑装饰已是建筑物的重要组成部分。无论是从经济效益, 还是从提高建筑安全性能的角度来看, 采用轻质非金属材料制作建筑装饰件都是十分有利的, 而材料的首选就是玻璃钢(FRP)。在FRP无电镀技术以前, 在建筑中就有多项应用。减轻材料的重量，对建筑的安全性具有重要作用。塑料电镀技术是首选。目前此技术已在建筑领域发挥巨大作用。

2007年12月14日，在北京航空航天大学如心学术会议厅，由北京电镀学会组织召开了2007年下半年的电镀新技术学术研讨会。会议介绍了最近的研究成果，包括高性能贵金属氧化物不溶性阳极、有机废水电解处理、导电性纳米电极、氢能利用、DSA的应用以及镀金、镀铑技术等。

塑料电镀是现代加工工艺中典型的新型材料和新工艺结合的技术。随着21世纪高科技发展的需要，塑料电镀在工程和功能方面还会大幅度扩展，一些新的电镀技术将会应运而生。如在陶瓷基上电镀铜制作的电容器，对全塑封装的小型变压器的外封装塑料进行电镀来屏蔽电磁场，增强了变压器的性能和寿命。塑料电镀技术是值得表面处理界关注的技术,尤其是塑料表面的直接电镀, 综合了非金属材料和金属材料两方面的优点, 只要设计人员对两者的性能有足够的了解, 充分加以利用, 就有可能制作出有特点的制品, 应用前景广阔。

三、电镀技术研究理论依据、内容和方法

电镀指的是通过化学、物理手段在需要的材料表面镀上保护材料，改变材料的性能。未来电镀技术的发展在塑料、陶瓷方面研究前景广阔。通常需要电镀的材料为固态，被电镀上的材料的有效成分在溶液中，通过外加电压，使需电镀的材料均匀析出在需要电镀的材料表面。

通过理论计算需要电镀材料的电势，和所加的外加电压，通过试验，使需要的材料电镀到使用材料上，从而改变材料的性能。

四、课题研究的过程

通过在网络、图书馆收集有关电镀的资料，对目前电镀技术研究的现状和同领域研究观点的差别，提出自己的观点。根据实际情况，安排收集资料、整理资料、总结资料的时间。规划出写论文的步骤。主要的是每一阶段研究的时间作出明显设定。保证研究过程环环紧扣，有条不紊，循序渐进。

五、主要参考文献

《毕业论文写作与文献检索》主编：赵满华  北京邮电大学出版社 《大学生毕业设计（论文）写作指南》主编：周志高 化学工业出版社 《电镀与涂饰》杂志