开头
This essay discusses …
… is explored …
… is defined …
The definition of … will be given
… is briefly outlined …
… is explored …
The issue focused on ….
… is demonstrated 。
… is included …
In this essay …..
… is explained …
… are identified …
The key aspect discussed …
… are presented …
… is justified …
Views on …. range from ….
… is evaluated …
… is examined …
The central theme …
… is described …
… is analysed …
Emphasised are …
… is explained and illustrated with examples …
结尾
In summary, …
To review, …
In conclusion, …
In brief, …
To summarise, …
To sum up, …
To conclude, …
Thus, …
Hence, …
It has been shown that, …
In short, …
开头
This essay discusses …
… is explored …
… is defined …
The definition of … will be given
… is briefly outlined …
… is explored …
The issue focused on ….
… is demonstrated 。
… is included …
In this essay …..
… is explained …
… are identified …
The key aspect discussed …
… are presented …
… is justified …
Views on …. range from ….
… is evaluated …
… is examined …
The central theme …
… is described …
… is analysed …
Emphasised are …
… is explained and illustrated with examples …
结尾
In summary, …
To review, …
In conclusion, …
In brief, …
To summarise, …
To sum up, …
To conclude, …
Thus, …
Hence, …
It has been shown that, …
In short, …
How is it going? 最近怎么样?
I am glad to receive your letter.很高兴收到你的来信。
I am looking forward to receiving your letter.我期待着你的来信。
Wait for your good news 等待你的好消息
I hope to receive your early reply
我希望不久能收到你方早日答复
With best wishes to you and yours
致以最美好的祝福向你及你的家人
With the season's greetings
献上节日的问候与
With best wishes for your success and happiness
衷心地祝你成功和幸福
正如硬币的正反面,。
As the toss,。
也有积极的一面和消极的一面
Also have positive and negative
近来,。。。
Recently,。
的问题已经成为人们瞩目的焦点
The problem has become the focus the attention of the people
随着。。。
As。
的快速增长,。。。
The rapid growth of。
在日常生活中已经变得越来越重要
In daily life has become more and more important
因此,不难得出结论
Therefore, may safely draw a conclusion
综上所述,我们得出如下结论
To sum up, we draw a conclusion
这一难题,是任何人都不可能避免的,但只要处理得当,我们就会
This problem, is no one can be avoided, but if properly handled, we will
总之,全社会都应该密切关注,只有这样我们才能。
In short, the whole society should pay close attention to, only in this way can we。
考虑到所有的因素,我们意识到。
Considering all the factors, we realize that。
关于。
About。
人们不同的观点,一些人认为
People different points of view, some people think
万能开头 一篇文章通常可分为三个部分,即开头、正文和结尾。
这三个部分安排是否得体,直接影响到文章的质量。 文章的开头一般来说应尽量做到开门见山,用简单明白的叙述引出文章的话题,使读者了解文章要谈论什么,一下于引起读者的兴趣。
作文常见的开头形式大致有以下几种: 1.开门见山,揭示主题 文章一开头,就交待清楚文章的主题是什么。如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是: I Spent my last vacation happily. 下面是题为"Honesty"(谈诚实)一文中的开头:Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respected.On the contrary, one who tells lies is regarded as a "liar",and is looked upon by honest people. 2.交代人物、事情、时间或环境开头 在文章的开头,先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。
例如"A Trip to Jinshan" (去金山旅游)的开头: The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan. The bus ride there took three hours. The long trip made us very tired, but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us. 3. 回忆性的开头 用回忆的方法来开头。例如"A Trip to the Taishan Mountain"(泰山游)的开头是: I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday. 4.概括性的开头 即对要在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。
如“The Happiness of Reading Books”(读书的快乐)的开头: People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I say that to read books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power. 5.介绍环境式的开头 即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。如“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是: It was a rainy and windy morning. The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low, and the street was nearly empty. I was on my way back to school. Suddenly, a speeding car came round the corner. 6.交待写作目的的开头。
在文章的一开头就交待写作目的,如通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个什么问题等。如 "Pollution Control" (控制污染)的开头: In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control. 万能结尾 1.活动类. Never before has xxx活动 been concerned much as it is today ! As far as I am concerned , it is high time we did something useful to improve ………… 2.好坏对比 Although every coin has its two sides, I think there are more advantages than disadvantages to cancel the long May Day holiday and shorten it into only one day. 3.父母帮助子女/老师帮助学生 As the old saying goes, “To give a man a fish, and you feed him for a day; to teach a man to fish, and you feed him for a lifetime”. As far as I'm concerned, parents should help their children to adapt themselves to society rather than shelter them from what's going on outside. 4. 关注家乡,关注国家的发展 Personally, I am sure we can see that China/ my hometown is getting richer and stronger and the people in our /my hometown /country will surely enjoy a happy life if all the measures above are to be taken effectively. 5. 感恩活动的意义/ I think this is a meaningful activity, which teaches us to learn to have gratitude for the people around us. Being grateful to others is a good feeling. With it we can know how to respect our parents, the elders and teachers. With it we can learn to care for others and forgive others. Only when we are always keeping a grateful heart to others can we harvest well-being and happiness. 6.社会公益活动的意义 From my point of view, xx活动 is obviously more than just learning; furthermore, it is helpful to broaden our horizon and improve our understanding of the world. That's why I'd like to take this opportunity and make the most of my special talents and interests. By doing so, I feel I can make a small contribution to society. 7.学生健康 1. To improve students' health, we call for less homework. Only in this way can students get plenty of sleep and meanwhile prevent themselves from being nearsighted. Poorer diets and exercise should also be paid attention to so that they won't easily put on weight. With their heavy burdens removed, students can then keep in normal mental health. 学生健康 2. As far as I am concerned, we students should balance our physical exercise and studies. Just like a saying goes: “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy,” without a sound body, one cannot achieve anything. However, too much attention has been paid only to studies. Therefore, I suggest we be given less homework and more time for out-of-classroom activities to solve all the problems. Only in this way can we lead a healthy life 8.环保类 As far as I am concerned , it is high time we did 。
一)段首句1. 关于……人们有不同的观点.一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用.There is an old saying______. It's the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today.3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害.首先,……;其次,…….更为糟糕的是…… Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____.What makes things worse is that______.4. 现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)…….Nowadays, it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.Besides,______.5. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外.它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面.Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages.6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为(说)……,在他们看来,…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变得越来越严重.Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年青人当中,将引发激烈的辩论.______ has become a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重 的问题.______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出…….很显然……,但是 为什么呢?According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph,it can be seen that ______ while. Obviously, ______, but why?(二)中间段落句1. 相反,有一些人赞成……,他们相信……,而且,他们认为…….On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time, they say____.2. 但是,我认为这不是解决……的好方法,比如…….最糟糕的是…….But I don't think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example,____.Worst of all,___.3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的,(也是)非常重要的.首先,…….而且……,最重要 的是…… ______is necessary and important to our country's development and construction. First,______. What's more, _____.Most important of all,______.4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法.首先,我们可以…….There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______5. 面临……,我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来…….一方面……,另一方面,Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing,______For another, ______6. 早就应该拿出行动了.比如说……,另外…….所有这些方法肯定会…….It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition. _____.All these measures will certainly______.7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是…….总的来说,……的主要原 因是由于…… Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is ______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.8. 然而,正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样,……也有它的不利的一面,象…….However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own disadvantages, such as ______.9. 尽管如此,我相信……更有利.Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.10. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述),主要理由如下:I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.(三)结尾句1. 至于我,在某种程度上我同意后面的观点,我认为…… As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ……2. 总而言之,整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题.只有这样,我们才能在将来…….In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.3. 但是,……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处).例如,……,而…….然而,把这两者相比较,我更倾向于(喜欢)……But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while…… Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to……4. 就我个人而言,我相信……,因此,我坚信美好的未来正等着我们.因为…… Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting us because……5. 随着社会的发展,…….因此。
1.开门见山,揭示主题。
文章开头就交待清楚文章的主题是什么:如“How I Spent My Vacation”(我怎样度假)的开头是: I spent my last vacation happily. 再如“Honesty”(谈诚实)一文中的开头: Honesty is one of the best virtues.An honest man is always trusted and respecte-d.On the contrary,one who tells lies is regarded as a “liar”,and is looked upon badly by honest people. 2.交代人物、事情、时间或环境的开头。 在文章的开头,先把人物、事件和环境交待清楚。
例如“A Trip to Jin shan”(去金山旅游)的开头: The day before yesterday my class went on a bus trip to Jinshan.It took three hours to ride there.The long trip made us very tired,but the sight of the beautiful sea refreshed us. 3.回忆性的开头。 用回忆的方法来开头。
例如“A Trip to the Taishan Mountain”(泰山游)的开头是: I remember my first trip to the Taishan Mountain as if it were yesterday. 4.概括性的开头。 即对在文章中叙述的人或事先作一个概括性的介绍。
如“The Happiness of Reading Book-s”(读书的快乐)的开头: People often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world.But l say that to read books is more valuable. than anything else,because books give us knowledge and knowledge gives us power. 5.介绍环境式的开头。 即开头利用自然景物或自然环境引出要介绍的事物。
如:“An Accident”(一场事故)的开头是: It was a rainy and windy morning.The sky was gloomy, the temperature was low,and the street was nearly empty.I was on my way back to school.Suddenly,a speeding car came round the corner. 6.交待写作目的的开头。 在文章的一开头就交待写作目的,如通过文章要表扬谁,批评谁,或说明一个什么问题等。
如“Pollution Control”(控制污染)的开头: In this article I shall draw your attention to the subject of pollution control. 结尾篇 如果把开头比作“爆竹”,那么结尾就有如“撞钟”。古人说过:“好的结尾,有如咀嚼干果,品尝香茗,令人回味再三。”
文章结尾的作用是概括全文内容,进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想,使文章意义表达得更加深刻。文章结尾的形式常见的有以下几种: 1.首尾呼应,画龙点睛。
在文章的结尾,把含义较深的话放在末尾,以点明主题,深化主题,起到画龙点睛的效果。如“I Cannot Forget Her” (我忘不了她)的结尾: After her death, I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away, but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people. 2.重复主题句。
结尾回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到强调的效果。如“I Love My Home Town”(我爱家乡)的结尾: I love my home town, and I love its people. They too have changed. They are going all out to do more for the good of our motherland. 3. 自然结尾。
随着文章的结束,文章自然而然地结尾。如“Fishing”(钓鱼)的结尾: I caught as many as twenty fish in two hours, but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing, we lay down on the river bank, bathing in the sun. We returned home very late. 4.含蓄性的结尾。
用比喻或含蓄的手法不直接点明作者的看法,而是让读者自己去领会和思考。如“A Day of Harvesting”(收割的日子)的结尾: Evening came before we realized it. We put down our sickles and looked at each other. Our clothes were wet with sweat, but on every face there was a smile. 5.用反问结尾。
虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,并具有特别的强调作用,引起读者深思。如 “Should We Learn to Do Housework?” (我们要不要学做家务?) 的结尾: Everyone should learn to do housework. Don't you agree, boys and girls? 6.指明方向,激励读者。
结尾表示对将来的展望,或期待读者投入行动。如“Let's Go in for Sports”(让我们参加体育运动)的结尾: As we have said above, sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work bettter. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let's go in for sports. 文章的结尾没有一定的模式,可以根据表达主题的需要灵活创造。
一般的习惯是,一些记叙文和描写文经常采用自然结尾的方法;但说理性和逻辑性较强的说明文和议论文则往往都有结束语,以便使文章首尾呼应,结构完整。
一、开头万能公式
1.开头万能公式一:
名人名言:有人问了,“我没有记住名言,怎么办?尤其是英语名言?”很好办:编!原理:我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的,包括我们欣赏的文章也是,所以尽管编,但是一定要听起来很有道理,而且没准将来我们就是名人呢!对吧?
经典句型:A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” (适用于已记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. (适用于自编名言)更多经典句型:As everyone knows, No one can deny that…
2.开头万能公式二:
数字统计原理:要想更有说服力,就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的,可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一,但编无妨,只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型:According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.
看起来这个数字文绉绉的,其实都是编造出来的,下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造:
Honesty
根据最近的一项统计调查显示,大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。
Travel by Bike
根据最近的一项统计调查显示,85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。
Youth
根据最近的一项统计调查显示,在某个大学,学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?
根据最近的一项统计调查显示,98%的人同意每周五天工作日。
更多句型:A recent statistics shows that …
二、结尾万能公式
1.结尾万能公式一:如此结论
说完了,毕竟要归纳一番,相信各位都有这样的经历,领导长篇大论,到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话,我们马上停止开小差,等待领导说结束语。也就是说,开头很好,也必然要有一个精彩的结尾,让读者眼前一亮,这样,你就可以拿高分了!比如下面的例子:
Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.
如果读者很难“显而见之”,但说无妨,就当读者的眼光太浅罢了!
更多过渡短语:
to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
更多句型:
Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…
2.结尾万能公式二:如此建议
如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话,那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了,因为这里虽然也是废话,但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽!
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.
这里的虚拟语气用得很经典,因为考官本来经常考这个句型,而如果我们自己写出来,你说考官会怎么想呢?更多句型:
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.
Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.
Recently the 。has been brought into focus by public
近期。(某一个问题)已经被大众开始关注
In this essay, I aim to explore this complicated phenomenon from diverse perspectives,
在这一篇论文中,我目标于探究这个复杂现象的不同方面
identify the relevant contributing factors and bring up some effective measures.
识别相关的导致这个问题的因素并且提出一些有效的方法
Chapter One 文章开头句型 1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 适用于有争议性的主题. 例如(e.g) [1]. When asked about。
.., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that 。
. But I think/view a bit differently. [2]. When it comes to 。. , some people believe that 。
. Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguments /statements , but (I tend to the former/latter 。
) [3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that 。. They claim/ believe/argue that 。
But I wonder/doubt whether。.. 1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 . e.g [1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) 。
has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern. [2]. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of 。has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention) [3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality 。
is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly. ----- To be continued !! 1-3 观点法 ----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法. e.g: [1]. Never history has the change of .. been as evident as 。 Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of .. been more visible/popular than。
[2]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that。 [3]. Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to。
Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of 。
[4]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that。
. 1-4 引用法 ----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点! e.g: [1]. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people . "Education is not complete with graduation." Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion. [2]."。
" How often we hear such statements/words like those /this . In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "。
". 1-5 比较法 ------ 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点. e.g: [1]. For years, 。had been viewed as 。
But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing 。 , people 。
. . [2]. People used to think that 。
(In the past, 。.) But people now share this new. 1-6 故事法 ---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣, 引出文章的主题. e.g: [1]. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt 。
. The phenomenon of 。 has aroused public concern. [2]. I have a friend who 。
Should he 。. ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life. [3]. Once upon a time, there lived a man who 。
This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now. 1-8 问题法 ----- 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题. e.g: Should/What 。
? Options of 。 vary greatly , some 。
, others 。 But in my opinion , 。
. Chapter 2 文章中间主体内容句型 原因结果分析 3-1-1. 基本原因 --- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因. e.g: [1]. Why 。
? For one thing.. For another 。 [2]. The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thing。
For another。
Still another 。 [3]. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect 。
. /both individual and social contribute to 。. 3-1-2 另一原因 --------> 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用! e.g: [1]. Another important factor is 。
. [2]. 。 is also responsible for the change/problem. [3]. Certainly , the 。
is not the sole reason for 。.. 3-1-3 后果影响 --------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 . e.g: [1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on。
. [2]. In involves some serious consequence for 。
.. 比较对照句型 3-2-1. 两者比较 ---> 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用 ! e.g: [1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B. [2]. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B. [3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects. 3-2-2 . 两者相同/相似 ------> 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用! e.g: [1]. A and B have several thing in common. They are similar in that。.. [2]. A bears some striking resemblance(s) to B. Chapter Three 文章结尾形式 2-1 结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 . e.g: [1]. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that 。
.. [2]. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable 。
. 2-2 后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决,。
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